IF-ITB/SWP/Agustus03
IF1101 - REVOLUSI INTERNET
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Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
REVOLUSI INTERNET
Santika WP
Departemen Teknik Informatika
Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Revolusi Internet
• Kronologi
• Pakar Pelopor
• Pengetahuan Dasar
• Internet & Masyarakat
• Penggunaan Internet
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Kronologi
• Periode Awal [http://www.packet.cc/internet.html]
– 1957, USSR meluncurkan Sputnik, satelit bumi buatan
pertama. USA menditikan Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) dalam DoD.
– Jul-61, First Paper on Packet Switching Theory,
Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large
Communication Nets.”
– 1962, RAND Paul Baran, RAND Corporation (agen
pemerintah) diberi kekuasaan oleh USAF untuk studi
pengelolaan command and control pada misil dan
bomber, setelah serangan nuklir. Tulisan yang
dihasilkannya packet switched network.
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Kronologi
• Periode Awal
– Agu-62, First Paper on Internet Concept by J.C.R.
Licklider & Welden Clark, "On-Line Man Computer
Communication".
– 1964, Communication Nets by Leonard Kleinrock
provides the network design and queuing theory
necessary to build packet networks. [buku]
– Mar-64 First Paper on Secure Packetized Voice, Paul
Baran, "On Distributed Communications Networks",
IEEE Transactions on Systems.
– Okt-65, First Actual Network Experiment, Lincoln Labs
TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32, Lawrence Roberts, MIT
Lincoln Labs.
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Kronologi
• Periode Awal
– Okt-66, First Paper on Network Experiments, Thomas
Marill & Lawrence Roberts, "Toward a Cooperative
Network of Time-Shared Computers", Fall AFIPS Conf.
– Okt-67, Original ARPANET Design Paper, Lawrence
Roberts, " Multiple Computer Networks and
Intercomputer Communication ", ACM Gatlinberg Conf.
– Agu-68, Request For Proposals released for ARPANET
by Lawrence Roberts, ARPA. The RFP mandated the
main packet switching design elements for the
ARPANET.
– Des-68, BBN (Bolt-Beranek-Newman) build the
ARPANET Interface Message Processors (IMP’s)
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Kronologi
• Periode Lanjut
– Apr-69, Request For Comments (RFC) #1, "Host
Software" Released, written by Steve Crocker, covering
Host-to-Host protocol, the first output of the Network
Working Group (NWG).
– Sep-69, First Node of ARPANET Installed at UCLA Network
Measurement Center
– Oct-69, Second Node of ARPANET Installed at SRI, first
ARPANET messages passed
– Nov-69, Third Node of the ARPANET Installed at UCSB
making the first redundant network
– Des-69, Fourth Node of the ARPANET Installed at the
University of Utah
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Kronologi
• Periode Lanjut
– Jul-70, First Packet Radio -ALOHANET operational at U.
Hawaii under Norm Abramson using the ALOHA concept of
random packet transmission
– Dec-70, Network Control Protocol (NCP), the first host-tohost
protocol, completed by Steve Crocker and NWG.
– Sep-71, First Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) in
ARPANET; terminals to directly dial into the network
– Mar-72, First basic Email Programs, SNGMSG and
READMAIL written by Ray Tomlinson at BBN.
– Jul-72, First Email Management Program, RD written by
Larry Roberts
– Jul-72, FTP Protocol Specification ( RFC 354), Jon Postel
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Kronologi
• Periode Lanjut
– Oct-72, First APRANET Public Demonstration at ICCC in
Washington organized by Robert Kahn of BBN
– May-73, First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC designed
by Robert Metcalfe
– May-74, First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in a
paper by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf
– Jul-75, ARPANET Transferred to DCA, the Defense
Communications Agency.
– Oct-77, First TCP Operation over ARPANET, Packet Radio
Net, and SATNET (the satellite network)
– Nov-77, Complete Email Specification ( RFC 733) released
by two Email pioneers, Dave Crocker and John Vittal.
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Kronologi
• Periode Lanjut
– Mar-78, TCP Split into TCP and IP, where TCP was the endto-
end process and IP was the network routing process by
Vint Cerf, Jon Postel, and Danny Cohen.
– Nov-83, Domain Name System (DNS) Designed by Jon
Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge to support the
Email addressing space, creating .edu, .gov, .com, .mil,
.org, .net, & .int.
– 1986, First Interop Conference organized by Dan Lynch.
– 1989, Internet opened to commercial mail through MCI Mail
– 1991, NSF Opens Internet to commercial use.
– 2001 - Finally the Internet gets Quality of Service (QOS)
with guaranteed rate service for voice and video
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Pakar Pelopor
• Leonard Kleinrock
– Packet Switching Theory, paper, 1961
– Communication Nets, book, 1964
– Network Measurement Center at UCLA,
ARPANET measurement, 1968
• J.C.R. Licklider
– On-Line Man Computer Communication
(internet concept), paper, 1962
– ARPA Computer Program, 1962
– First ARPA IPTO Director, 1962
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Pakar Pelopor
• Lawrence Roberts
– First Actual Network Experiment, Lincoln Labs TX-2
tied to SDC's Q32 [MIT], 1965
– ARPA Communications Program, 1966
– ARPA IPTO Chief Scientist and begins the design of
the APRANET, 1966
– Original ARPANET Design Paper, 1967
– Request For Proposals released for ARPANET, 1968
– Fourth Director of ARPA IPTO, 1969
– Packet Satellite Technique, 1971
– First Email Management Program, 1972
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Pakar Pelopor
• Steve Crocker
– Request For Comments (RFC) #1, Host Software tulisan Steve
Crocker mencakupHost-to-Host protocol, the first output of the
Network Working Group.
• Ray Tomlinson
– First basic Email Programs, SNGMSG and READMAIL.
• Jon Postel
– FTP Protocol Specification ( RFC 354)
– Domain Name System.
• Robert Metcalfe
– First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC
• Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf
– First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in a paper
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• [Computer] Network
–  (terminal, komputer, server, sistem-lain)
• yang saling terhubung sehingga mempermudah aliran
data dan saling memakai resources.
– Kategori [http://compnetworking.about.com/library/weekly/aa040801a.htm]
• LAN (local area network) / MAN (metropolitan AN) /
WAN (wide AN) / VLAN (virtual LAN)/ VPN (virtual
private network) / SAN (Storage AN, dedicated
LAN/WAN untuk mass data storage and retrieval; /
System AN, high-performance & high-speed LAN dengan
konfigurasi cluster) / CAN (Cluster / Controller AN)
• Internet / Intranet / Extranet
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• Network
– LAN (local area network):
• network yang memakai bersama sebuah
atau/beberapa server di satu lokasi [kantor/gedung]
yang membangun interoffice
system
– MAN > LAN < WAN, memakai dedicated / highperformance
hardware.
– WAN (wide area network):
•  LANs yang saling terhubung dalam area luas
• Internet = WAN, extranet = WAN.
• perangkat beragam & mahal dibanding LAN. Teknologi
pengembangan WAN: SONET, frame relay, dan ATM.
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• Internet
– Sistem informasi global yang:
• secara logikal saling terhubung oleh sebuah
ruang adres unik global berbasis Internet
Protocol (IP) atau ekstensi-nya;
• mampu menunjang komunikasi berbasis
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) atau ekstensi-nya, dan/atau
protokol lain yang IP-compatible;
• dan dapat diakses, publicly atau privately.
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• Internet
–  (jaringan komputer) di mana situs-situs
akademik, pemerintah, komersil, dan organisasi
lain dapat melakukan:
• komunikasi langsung (e-mail, chat)
• konferensi online (Usenet News, e-mail discussion lists)
• akses sumber informasi terdistribusi (World Wide Web,
Gopher)
• remote login dan file transfer (telnet, ftp), dan lainnya.
– Berbasis sekumpulan protocols baku, komputer
yang tersambung memiliki domain name system
(DNS) dan adres IP sendiri.
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• Intranet
– LAN yang diimplementasi teknologi WWW; atau
– Private Internet
• Private network  enterprise,  LAN saling terhubung
& bisa terhubung pada WAN / internet melalui
gateway.
• Para pegawai dapat memakai bersama informasi dan
fasilitas komputasi, juga memfasilitasi working
groups dan teleconferences.
• Implementasi TCP/IP, HTTP, dan IP lainnya.
• Pemakai dapat mengakses [Global / Public] Internet
melalui firewall servers yang menyaring informasi
yang mengancam company security.
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• Extranet
– Private network menggunakan IP &
telecommunikasi publik untuk kerjasama bisnis
dengan suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, &
lainnya.
– Dapat dipandang sebagai company's intranet yang
diperluas untuk melayani pemakai mitra perusahaan.
– Perlu keamanan dan privasi, menerapkan firewall
server management:
• user authentication
• encryption of messages
• use of virtual private networks (VPN) that tunnel through
the public network.
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Pengetahuan Dasar
• Operasional Extranet
– Bertukar data volume besar dengan Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) / XML
– Berbagi katalog produk
– Berkolaborasi & bekerjasama dalam berbagai aktifitas
bisnis
– Mengembangkan program pelatihan bersama
– Pelayanan oleh satu perusahaan bagi sekelompok
perusahaan lain, misal online banking yang dikelola
sabuah bank untuk bank-bank lain yang berafiliasi
– Berbagi berita yang menarik antar perusahaan
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Internet & Masyarakat
• Dampak [ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2150.txt]
– Akses sangat mudah, perolehan info relatif murah
& banyak.
– Integrasi informasi, komunikasi, dan hiburan [+
audio, video, multimedia] makin mempermudah
penyampaian segala jenis pengajaran.
– Kebudayaan yang baik sangat mudah terpengaruh
bila tanpa filter, pengaruh info negatif pada
generasi muda > TV/radio.
– Agar info positif > negatif, peranan artist, scientist,
& engineer sangat penting.
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Internet & Masyarakat
• Komunitas Global
– Komunikasi tak dibatasi wilayah / kebangsaan / waktu
– Segala jenis data/info tersedia di berbagai jenis situs
– Berbagi kerja dan berkolaborasi mudah dilakukan oleh
setiap individu dalam satu atau berbeda instansi /
organisasi dalam satu atau berbeda bidang/minat.
• Tersedia
– Shareware, Public Domain, Freely Copyable software
programs yang dapay di-download
– Libraries, stores, and news groups untuk mencari
tools atau informasi lainnya.
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Penggunaan Internet
• Pengadresan
– Domain ~ kategori hirarki organisasi abstrak ke
mana sebuah komputer/ situs / jaringan terdaftar,
di mana top level:
• com untuk perusahaan komersil
• edu untuk institusi pendidian
• gov untuk situs pemerintah
• net untuk infrastruktur jaringan
• org untuk organisasi non-komersil
• us untuk situs di USA
• id untuk situs di Indonesia
– Di bawah domain dapat tercantum banyak sub
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Penggunaan Internet
• Pengadresan
– Tiap pemakai memiliki DNS dan username
– Komputer harus memiliki adres IP, 4 grup bilangan
dipisah oleh titik [misal: 123.123.123.123]
– Informasi memiliki URL~ a machine readable, and
hence somewhat cryptic, text string
• misal: "http://www.waralaba.com/lok-dir/filename.ext".
• Jenis yang populer:
– http = hyper text transfer protocol
– ftp = file transfer protocol
– telnet = telecommunication network protocol, remote service
– smtp = simple mail transfer protocol
– nttp = network news transfer protocol
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Penggunaan Internet
• Fasilitas
– Forum ~ electronic public meeting place untuk
diskusi terbuka:
• Message-based Communications, one-to-many
– Electronic mail, one-to-one atau one-to-many
– Newsgroup, electronic bulletin board system created originally
by the Unix community, misal Usenet News yang membahas
banyak topik secara herarki [comp =komputer, rec rekreasi, soc
= sosial, sci = sains, dll.
– Bulletin Board System (BBS), a computer + associated software,
typically providing electronic messaging services, archives of
files, and any other services or activities of interest to the BBS’s
operator
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Penggunaan Internet
• Fasilitas
– Forum
• Real-Time Communications ~ komunikasi di mana delay
(net-lag) yang terjadi seminim mungkin, berbasis teks
di mana tiap user memiliki special regions pada monitor
[wilayah pengiriman dan penerimaan]
– Internet Relay Chat (IRC, WebChat), text-based mechanism
communication with multiple participants.
– Multicasting, technical term that means that you can send
pieces of data (packets), to multiple sites simultaneously.
– MUD [Multi-User Dungeon], an interactive game environment
where both real other players and virtual other players exist
and with whom you can communicate to share ideas, solve
puzzles, etc.
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Penggunaan Internet
• Fasilitas
– Forum - Real-Time Communications
– MUD, Dungeon ~ dungeon-like environment where
evil goblins, demons, and other bad-guys are
wandering around ready to kill
– Audio Video Conferencing, [teachers - students,
doctors -patients, artists - audience] contoh CUSeeMe
[Macintosh and Windows users with an
Internet connection and a desktop camera to see,
hear and speak with other CU-SeeMe users across
the world; this program was developed at Cornell
University in Ithaca, New York, USA and is freely
available.]
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Penggunaan Internet
• Fasilitas
– Archive [Webster's]
• a) a place where public records, documents, etc. are kept
• b) a place where material having documentary interest, as
private papers, institutional records, memorabilia, or
photographs, is kept.
– Internet’s Archives are pretty much ~ exact same thing.
– Searching memakai search engine
• a program usually living on a remote computer that
spends its time downloading information from other
computers and building an index of what lives where
[nickname = Web Crawler].
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Penggunaan Internet
• Fasilitas
– Contoh search engine
• Yahoo - Index of WWW sites, with search capabilities
http://www.yahoo.com/
• DejaNews - USENET (news groups) search engine
http://www.dejanews.com/
• WebCrawler - http://query.webcrawler.com/
• Lycos - http://www.lycos.com/
• AltaVista - WWW and USENET search engine
http://www.altavista.digital.com/
• Magellan - Index of reviewed and rated Internet sites, with
search capabilities http://www.mckinley.com/
• Google - Index of WWW sites, with search capabilities
http://www.google.com/
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Penggunaan Internet
• World Wide Web ~ Web
– ~ subset of the computers di Internet
– visualisasi Web sebagai rak giant magazine stand
with a vast web of strings connecting various
words pictures and ideas.
– organisasi Web tidak hirarkis, Web is broken up
into a large set of pages (Web Pages), informasi
dihubungkan dengan hypertext links.
– klik pada highlighted word / picture to call up a
page of related information
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Penggunaan Internet
• Cara Akses
– Akses Internet ~ receiving, downloading, and
viewing files, menggunakan same tools (SW&HW)
needed to create files and make them available on
the Internet; memerlukan dukungan:
• Internet Service Providers
• HW + SW + modem
• Web browser
• SW anti virus
• Perangkat akses multimedia: sound card + speakers,
CD-ROM player, midi equip., video equip., printer
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Penggunaan Internet
• Tahapan Pengembangan Situs
– Pembuatan & pendaftaran
– Kreasi isi
• Getting help [lewat: Forum, BBS, Chat, dll.]
• Format file: public domain, proprietary, dll.
• Kreasi dokumen text & hyper text
• Kreasi citra grafik & animasi [format: bitmap, vector, video]
• Kreasi digital audio, suara & musik
• Publikasi
• Issues & Chalenges
– Security, viruses, standard disclaimer & copyrights &
intellectual property (copyright, trademark, privacy,
advicing), cryptography, netiquette.